Agricultural and Biological Sciences Journal
Articles Information
Agricultural and Biological Sciences Journal, Vol.1, No.5, Oct. 2015, Pub. Date: Jul. 20, 2015
Evaluation of Plant Diversity and Nutrient Resource on Weed Diversity and Soil Microbial Respiration
Pages: 197-205 Views: 4096 Downloads: 1395
Authors
[01] Elham Azizi, Department of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
[02] Alireza Koocheki, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
[03] Parviz Rezvani-Moghadam, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
[04] Mehdi Nassiri-Mahallati, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
[05] Mansoureh-Sadat Sharifi-Noori, Department of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of plant diversity and nutrient resource on weed composition, density and dry matter, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on complete randomized block design with 3 replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2006 and 2007. Treatments included manure and chemical fertilizers as main plots and intercropping of 3 soybean varieties (Wiliams, Sahar and Gorgan3), intercropping of 3 Millet species (Common millet, Foxtail millet and Pearl millet), intercropping of Millet, Soybean, Sesame (Sesamum indicum) and intercropping of Millet, Sesame, Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) as sub plots. Result indicated that nutrient resource affected weed dry matter and density. Weed dry matter and density was respectively, 1.3 and 1.8 folds higher in chemical fertilizer compared to manure in first year. In the second year, weed dry matter in manure and chemical fertilizers was 173.2 and 300.2 g.m-2 and weed density was 98.6 and 84.9 plants per square meter. With increasing crop diversity, weed dry matter and density decreased and intercropping systems had the lowest weed dry matter. Crop species affected weed dry matter in monocultures. There was a negative correlation between diversity and weed dry matter. In the first year Shannon diversity index was highest in sesame and Ajowan monocultures (0.75 and 0.72, respectively). Different intercropping systems had the lowest Shannon index. In the second year, Shannon index was highest in soybean (Sahar variety) monoculture (0.72) and 3 Millet species intercropping (0.71). More researches on the effects of crop diversity on weed population are needed in mixed intercropping. With increasing crop diversity, soil microbial respiration was increased. Also, there was positive significant regression between weed Shannon index and soil microbial respiration.
Keywords
Weeds, Species Diversity, Intercropping, Shannon Index, Soil Microbial Respiration
References
[01] Altieri, M. A. 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 74:19-31.
[02] Andersson, T. N, and P. Milberg. 1998. Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation and nitrogen. Weed Science. 46:30-38.
[03] Ball, D. A. 1992. Weed seedbank respons to tillage, herbicide and crop rotation sequence. Weed Science. 40: 654-656.
[04] Banks, P. A., P. W. Santelman, and B. B. Tucker. 1976. Influence of long-term soil fertility treatments on weed species in winter weed. Agronomy Journal. 68:825-827.
[05] Barberi, P., N. Silvestri, and E. Bonari. 1997. Weed communities of winter wheat as influenced by input level and rotation. Weed Research. 37: 301-313.
[06] Baumann, D. T., L. Bastiaans, and M. J. Kropff. 2001. Effects of intercropping on growth and reproductive capacity of late- emerging Senecio vulgaris L., with spatial reference to competition for light. Annals of Botany. 87:209-217.
[07] Baumann, D. T., L. Bastiaans, J. Goudriaan, H. H. van Laar, and M. J. Krop.2002. Analyzing crop yield and plant quality in an intercropping system using an eco-physiological model for interplant competition. Agricultural Systems. 73: 173–203.
[08] Baumann, D. T., M. J. Kropff, and L. Bastiaans. 2000. Intercropping leeks to suppress weeds. Weed Research. 40: 359-374.
[09] De Haan, R. L., D. L. Wyse, N. J. Ehlke, B. D. Maxwell, and D. H. Putnam. 1993. Simulation of spring-seeded smother plants for weed control in corn (Zea mays). Weed Science. 42: 35-43.
[10] Hafman, M. L., E. E. Regnier, and J. Cardina. 1993. Weed and corn (Zea mays) response to a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cover crop. Weed Technology. 7: 594-599.
[11] Kegod, G. O., F. Forcella, and S. Caly. 1999. Influence of crop rotation, tillage, and management inputs on weed seed production. Weed Science. 47:175-183. 326p.
[12] Kennedy, A.c., T.L.Stubbs, and W.f. Schillinger.2004. Soil and Crop Management Effects on Soil Microbiology. CRC Press.
[13] Koocheki, A., M. Nassiri- mahallati and A. Zare-feiz abadi. 2004. Agricultural biodiversity in Iran: crop varieties diversity. Desert. 9: 49-67. b
[14] Koocheki, A., M. Nassiri- mahallati and M. Jahanbin. 2004. Agricultural biodiversity in Iran: agroecosystem diversity. Pajuhesh va Sazandegi. 10: 70-83.a
[15] Koocheki, A., M. Nassiri- mahallati, L. Tabrizi, G. Azizi, and M. Jahan. 2006. Assessing species and functional diversity and community structure for weeds in wheat and sugar beet in Iran, Agricultural researches of Iran, 4: 105-129.
[16] Lin, Y.J., F. Gao, J.L. Zhang, L. Y. Zhou, X. M. Zhang, B. L. Li, H. J. Zhao, and X. D. Li. 2010. Soil microbial biomass and respiration rate under effects of different planting patterns of peanut. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 21: 2323-2328.
[17] Mahn, E. G. 1984. Structural changes of weed communities and population. Vegetation. 58:79-85.
[18] Marshall, E. J. P., V. K. Brown, N. D. Boatman, P. J. W. Lutman ,G. R. Squire and L. K. Ward. 2003. The role of weeds supporting biological diversity within crop fields. Weed Research. 43: 77-89.
[19] Mclaughlin A., and P. Minrau. 1995. The impact of agricultural practices on biodiversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 55: 201-212.
[20] Mohler, C. L., and M. Liebman. 1987. Weed productivity and composition in soil crops and intercrops of barley and field pea. Journal of Applied Ecology. 24: 685-699.14
[21] Nassiri- mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., P. Rezvani- Moghadam and A. Beheshti. 2001. Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication.
[22] Poggio, S. L. 2005. Structure of weed communities occurring in monoculture and intercropping of field pea and barley. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 109: 48-58.
[23] Poggio, S. L., E. H. Satorre and E. B. de la Fuente. 2004. Structure of weed communities occurring in pea and wheat crops in the Rolling Pampa (Argantina). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 103: 225-235.
[24] Renne J. I., J. Gerrish, and M. A. Sanderson. 2004. Effects of plant diversity on invasion of weed species in experimental pasture communities. Basic and Applied Ecology. 5: 543-550.
[25] Salas, M. L., M. V. Hickman, D. M. Huber, and M. M. Schreiber. 1997. Influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the growth of giant foxtail (Setaria faberi). Weed Science. 45: 664 - 669.
[26] Schreiber, M. M. 1992. Influence of tillage, crop rotation and weed management on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and crop yield. Weed Science. 40: 645-653.
[27] Tengberg, A., J. Ellis-Jones, R. Kiome and M. Stocking. 1998. Applying the concept of agrodiversity to indigenous soil and water conservation practices in eastern Kenia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 70: 259-272.
[28] Vandermeer, J., M. Van Noordwijk, J. Anderson, C. Ong, and I. Perfecto. 1998. Global change and multi-species agroecosystems: concepts and issues. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 67: 1-22.
[29] Xu, H., R, Xiao, T. Song, W. Luo, Q. Ren, and Y. Huang. 2008. Biodiversity science. 16: 166-174.
[30] Yang, R. J., H. L., Ma, Q. F. Yang and Jun.Y. Niu. 2007. Effects of planting density and nitrogen application rate on soil microbial activity under wheat/forage rape multiple cropping. The journal of applied ecology. 18: 113-117.
[31] Yin L., Z. Cai, and W. Zhong. 2006. Changes in weed community diversity of maize crops due to long-term fertilization . Crop Protection. 25: 910-914.
[32] Zhang, J.E., A. X. Gao, H. Q. Xu, and M. Z. Luo. 2009. Effects or maize/peanut intercropping on rhizosphere soil microbes and nutrient contents. The journal of applied ecology. 20: 1597-1602.
600 ATLANTIC AVE, BOSTON,
MA 02210, USA
+001-6179630233
AIS is an academia-oriented and non-commercial institute aiming at providing users with a way to quickly and easily get the academic and scientific information.
Copyright © 2014 - American Institute of Science except certain content provided by third parties.