[01] Alfrazdag Mohamedahmed Abdalla Abdalrazig, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. [02] Salah Eldin G Elzaki, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan. [03] Elneel Ahmed Mohamed, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma consider the most common type of oral cancer and carry poor prognosis especially in late stages, many factors like tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, have been investigated for their relation to this cancer however many patient develop oral cancer without exposure to these factors, this rise question about other factors may contribute to squamous cell carcinoma this factors include oncogenic viruses like human papilloma virus, herpes simplex virus and EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. Experimental cross-sectional study in Khartoum teaching dental hospital sudan and institute of tropical medicine, to detect presence of EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS in oral squamous cell carcinoma samples using PCR, a total of 107 samples taken from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients 66 (61.7%) are male while 41 (38.3) are female. Mean age of the patient is 57. Forty four patients are snuffer while 63 are not. 17 patients are smoking while 90 patients are not. Only 7 patients consume alcohol. most of the patients are laborers and house wife. The patients came from all site of the Sudan with slight majority from central of the Sudan. DNA extracted and PCR used for detection. Total of 107 O.S.C.C samples tested by PCR for detection of EPSTEIN-BAAR VIRUS 35 (32.7%) samples are positive while 72 (67.3%) samples are negative. About 45 lesions in the lower jaw, 9 lesions in the lip, 20 lesions in buccal mucosa, 16 lesions in the upper jaw, 15 lesions in the tongue and only two lesions in the flour of the mouth. The 44 patients with snuffing habit show 20 patient positive for EPSTEIN-BAAR VIRUS while 63 non snuffer patients show 15 patients positive for EBV and this result show statistically significant different with P value (0.019). This study result revealed that EPSTEIN-BAAR VIRUS could be one of the causative factors that lead to squamous cell carcinoma especially in the patient with snuffing habbite.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, EBV, PCR, Khartoum, Sudan

[01] Collins SL. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, pharyngeal wall and nasopharynx. In: Ballenger J, JB Snow J, editors. Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 1996; p. 249-368. [02] Chen Y. K., Huang, H. C., Lin L. M., and Lin C. C. Lin, “Primary oral squamous cell carcinoma Fan analysis of 703 cases in south Taiwan,” Oral Oncology; 1999, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 173-179. [03] IARC. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide in 2008: World health organization, http://globocan.iarc.fr/2008. [04] Liao C.-T., Chang J. T.-C. wang, H.-M., et al., “Analysis of risk factors of predictive local tumor control in oral cavity cancer,” Annals of Surgical Oncology; 2008 vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 915-922. [05] Nemes JA, Deli L, Nemes Z, Marton IJ. Expression of p16INK4A, p53, and Rb proteins are independent from the presence of human papillomavirus genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 102: 344-52. [06] Bonnez W. Papillomavirus. In: Whitley RJ, Hayden FG, Richman DD, editors. Clinical virology. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997. p. 569-611. [07] Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt's Lymphoma. Lancet. 1964 Mar 28; 1 (7335): 702-3. [08] Mao EJ, Smith CJ. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in oral smears from healthy individuals and patients with squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993 Jan; 22 (1): 12-7. [09] Gupta PC. Mouth cancer in India: anew epidemic? J Indian Med Assoc. 1999 Sep; 97 (9): 370-3. [10] Hong WK, Lippman SM, Wolf GT. Recent advances in head and neck cancer – larynx preservation and cancer chemoprevention: the seventeenth Annual Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture. Cancer Res. 1993 Nov 1; 53 (21): 5113-20. [11] Black FL, Woodall JP, Evans AS, Liebhaber H, Henle G. Prevalence of antibody against viruses in the Tiriyo, an isolated Amazon tribe. Am J Epidemiol. 1970 Apr; 91 (4): 430-8. [12] D’ Costa J., Saranath D., Sanghvi V., and Mehta A. R., “Epstein-Barr virus in tobacco-induced oral cancer and oral lesions in patients from India,” Journal of Oral pathology & Medicine; 1998 vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 78-82. [13] Bagan J. V., Jim’ enez Y., Murillo J., et al., “Epstein-Barr virus in oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma: a preliminary study,” Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal; 2008 vol. 13, no. 2, pp. E110-E113. [14] Higa M. Epstein –Barr virus (EBV) subtype in EBV related oral squamous cell carcinoma in Okinawa, a subtropical island in southern, compared with Kitakyushu and Kumamoto in mainland Japan. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 414-23. [15] Yen CY, Lu MC, Tzeng CC, et al. Detection of EBV infection and gene expression in oral cancer from patients in Taiwan by microarray analysis. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2009; 2009: 904589. [16] Sand LP, Jalouli, Larsson PA, Hirsch JM. Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral lichen planus, and normal oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002; 93: 586-92. [17] Sasagawa. T., Shimakage M., Nakamura M., Sakaike J., Ishikawa H., and Inoue M., “Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genes expression in cervical cancer intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer: a comparative study with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection,” Human Pathology; 2000 vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 318-326.