[01] Mohammed Rezaul Karim, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [02] Mohammed Giasuddin, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [03] Mohammed Abdus Samad, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [04] Mohammad Showkot Mahmud, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [05] Mohammed Rafiqul Islam, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [06] Mohammed Hafizur Rahman, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [07] Mohammed Abu Yousuf, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The study was carried out for determination of prevalence of Salmonella spp. in poultry and poultry products during July 2014 to June 2015. A total of 355 samples comprising 150 Cloacal swab samples of poultry, 50 Egg shells, 50 Egg contents, 30 Intestinal contents, 30 Liver swabs, 30 Broiler Meat and 15 Swabs of slaughter house were collected and processed for isolation of Salmonella spp. Out of 355 samples, 90(25.35%) samples were identified as positive for Salmonella. Out of the overall positive samples, 32% were cloacal swab samples of poultry, 28% were egg shells, 0% was egg content, 36.66% were intestinal contents, 23.33% were liver swabs, 20% were broiler meat and 26.66% were swabs of slaughter house were found positive for salmonella based on cultural properties, biochemical reactions and serum agglutination tests. In biochemical tests, all the isolates fermented dextrose, maltose and mannitol and produced acid and gas but did not ferment lactose but a few isolates partially fermented sucrose. Acid production was marked by the color change from reddish to yellow and the gas production was noted by the presence of gas bubbles in the inverted Durham’s tubes kept inside each of the test tubes containing sugar media. All isolated Salmonellae were positive for MR test, negative for V-P test and negative for indole test. For the slide agglutination test, Salmonella agglutinating antiserum (poly ‘O’ and poly ‘H’) was used which agglutinated all the isolates and thereby identified the organism as Salmonella spp.

Prevalence, Salmonella spp, Poultry and Poultry Products

[01] Jacobsen A, Rene S. Hendriksen, Frank M. Aaresturp, David W. Ussery, and Carsten Friis. 2011. The Salmonella enterica Pan-genome. Microb Ecol. 62(3): 487–504. [02] Pui, C. F., Wong, W. C., Chai, L. C., Tunung, R., Jeyaletchumi, P., Noor Hidayah, M. S., Ubong, A., Farinazleen, M. G., Cheah, Y. K. and Son, R. 2011. Salmonella: A foodborne pathogen. International Food Research Journal. 18: 465-473. [03] Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R. M., Angulo, F. J., Tauxe, R. V., Widdowson, M. A., Roy, S. L., Jones, J. L., Griffin, P. M. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in theUnited States: Major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17: 7–15. [04] Nagappa, K., Tamuly, S., Brajmadhuri, Saxena, M. K. and Singh, S. P. 2007. Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium frompoultry eggsand meatofTarai region of Uttaranchal. Ind. J. Biotechnol. 6: 407-409. [05] Majowicz, S. E., Musto, J., Scallan, E., Angulo, F. J., Kirk, M., O’Brien, S. J., Jones, T. F., Fazil, A., Hoekstra, R. M. 2010. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50(6): 882-889. [06] Uzzau S and Brown DJ. 2000. Host adapted serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Epidemiol Infect.125: 229–255. [07] Foley SL and Lynne AM. 2008. Food animal-associated Salmonella challenges: pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. J. Anim. Sci.;86 (14 Suppl): E173–E187. [08] United States Department of Agriculture. 2008. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS): Animal Arm Annual Report. Washington, DC: USDA. [09] Hoelzer, K., Moreno Switt, A. I., et al. 2011. Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal Salmonellosis. Vet Res. 42:34. DOI: 10.1186/1297–9716–42–34. [10] Cheong HJ, Lee YJ, Hwang IS, Kee SY, Cheong HW, Song JY, Kim JM, Park YH, Jung JH and Kim, WJ. 2007. Characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from human and broilerchickens in southwestern Seoul, Korea. J. Korean Med. Sci. 22:773–778. [11] Lee, H. Y., Su LH, Tsai, M. H., Kim, S. W., Chang, H. H., Jung, S. I., Park, K. H., Perera, J., Carlos, C., Tan, B. H., Kumarasinghe, G., So T, Chongthaleong, A., Hsueh, P. R., Liu, J. W., Song, J. H, and Chiu, C. H. 2009. High rate of reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone among nontyphoid Salmonella clinical isolates in Asia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53: 2696–2699. [12] Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5:607-25. [13] Bean, N. H., and P. M. Groffon. 1990. Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973–1987: pathogens, vehicles and trends. J. Food Prot. 53:804–817. [14] Todd, E. C. D. 1980. Poultry-associated foodborne disease—its oc-currence, cost, sources and prevention. J. Food Prot. 43:129–139. [15] World Health Organization. 1990. Report of WHO consultation on salmonellosis control in agriculture. WHO/CDS/VPH/90.94. World Health Organization, Geneva. [16] Arroyo, G., and A. Arroyo. 1995. Detection of Salmonellaserotypes in edible organ meats from markets in Madrid, Spain. Food Micro-biol. 12:13–20. [17] Corral, J., R. Gonzalez, and L. Laborda. 1983. Los pollos como vehiculo de transporte de las salmonelas en la alimentacion. Rev. Sanid. Hig. Publica 57:943–947. [18] D’Aoust, J. Y. 1989. Salmonella, p. 327–445. In M. P. Doyle (ed.), Foodborne bacterial pathogens. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. [19] Synder, O. P., Jr. 1992. HACCP—an industry food safety self-control program. Part III. Dairy Food Environ. Sanit. 12:164–167. [20] Plummer, R. A. S., S. J. Blissett, and C. E. R. Dodd. 1995. Salmo-nellacontamination of retail chicken products sold in the UK. J. Food Prot. 58:843–846. [21] Bradshaw, J. G., D. B. Shah, E. Forney, and J. M. Madden. 1990. Growth ofSalmonella enteritidisin yolk of shell eggs from normal and seropositive hens. J. Food Prot. 53:1033–1036. [22] Gast, R. K., and C. W. Beard. 1992. Detection and enumeration of Salmonella enteritidisin fresh and stored eggs laid by experimentally infected hens. J. Food Prot. 55:152–156. [23] Humphrey, T. J. 1994. Contamination of egg shell and contents with Salmonella enteritidis: a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 21:31–40. [24] Shivaprasad, H. L., J. F. Timoney, S. Morales, B. Lucio, and R. C. Baker. 1990. Pathogenesis ofSalmonella enteritidisinfection in lay-ing chickens. I. Studies on egg transmission, clinical signs, fecal shedding, and serologic responses. Avian Dis. 34:548–557. [25] Naurin S, Islam MA and Khatun MM. 2012. Prevalence of Salmonella in apparently healthy chickens in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Microbes and health, 1:30-33. [26] Jay LS, Davos D, Dundas M, Frankish E, Lightfoot D. 2003. Salmonella. Ch 8 In: Hocking AD (ed) Foodborne microorganisms of public health significance. 6th ed, Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology (NSW Branch), Sydney, p. 207–266. [27] Kamaruddin, KM. and Giasuddin, M. 2003. Poultry disease and its diagnostic facilities. Growth of poultry industry in Bangladesh with poverty alleviation and employment opportunity. In Proceedings of 3rd International poultry show and seminar, from February 28 to March 2, 2003, held in Bangladesh China Friendship Conference Center (BCFCC) at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 141-148. [28] Khan, AHMNA, Bari ASM, Islam MR, Das PM. and Ali MY. 1998. Pullorum diseas in semi mature chickens and its experimental pathology. Bang. Vet. J. 32: 124-128. [29] Mahmud MS, Bari ML and Hossain MA. 2011. Prevalence of Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles in poultry of Savar area, Bangladesh. Foodborne Pathogen Disease, 8:1111-1118. [30] Ahmed AKM, Islam MT, Haider MG and Hossain MM. 2008. Seroprevalence and pathology of naturally infected salmonellosis in poultry with isolation and identification of causal agents. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 6 327-334. [31] OIE (Office International Des Epizooties). 2000. Manual of standards for diagnosis test and vaccines. OIE guide-2. [32] Merchant IA and Packer RA. 1967. Veterinary Bacteriology and Virology. 7th edn., The Iowa University press, Ames, Iowa, USA. pp:286-306. [33] Cowan ST. 1985. Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. 2nd edn., Cambridge University press, Cambridge, UK. [34] Threlfall, E. J., J. Wain, T. Peters, C. Lane, E. DePinna, C. L. Little, A. D. Wales, and R. H. Davies. 2014. Egg-borne infections of humans with salmonella: not only anS.enteritidis problem. World's Poultry Science Journal70 (01), 15-26. [35] Lepoutre, A., Salomon, J., Charley, C. and Le Querrec, F. 1994. Les toxi-infections alimentaires en 1993. Bulletin Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, 52, 245-247. [36] Abdel Karem, H., & Mattar, Z. 2001. Heat resistance and growth of Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila in whole liquid egg. Acta Microbiol Pol, 50(1), 27-35. [37] Nascimento, V., Cranstoun, S., & Solomon, S. 1992. Relationship between shell structure and movement of Salmonellaenteritidis across the eggshell wall. British poultry science, 33(1), 37-48. [38] Schoeni, J. L., Glass, K. A., McDermott, J. L., & W ong, A. C.1995. Growth and penetration of Salmonellaenteritidis, Salmonellaheidelberg and Salmonellatyphimurium in eggs. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 24(3), 385-396. [39] Wilson, I., Heaney, J., & Powell, G. 1998. Salmonella in raw shell eggs in Northern Ireland: 1996-7. Communicable disease and public health/PHLS, 1(3), 156-160. [40] EC. 2004. Trends and sources of zoonotic agents inanimals, feeding stuffs, food and man in the European Unionand Norway in 2002European Commission (Vol. SANCO/29/2004). [41] Radkowski, M. 2001. Occurrence ofSalmonellaspp. in consumption eggs in Poland. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 64(1), 189-191. [42] Swallow, W., Lake, R., & Whyte, R. 2004. Risk profile: Salmonella(Non Typhoidal) in and on eggs. A Crown Research Institute, New Zealand. [43] Little, C., Walsh, S., Hucklesby, L., Surman-Lee, S., Pathak, K., Gatty, Y., Greenwood, M., De Pinna, E., Threlfall, EJ., & Maund, A. 2007. Survey of Salmonella Contamination of Non–United KingdomProduced Raw Shell Eggs on Retail Sale in the Northwest of England and London, 2005 to 2006. Journal of Food Protection®, 70(10), 2259-2265.