[01] Xuanhua Zhang, School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China. [02] Kaiqiang Chu, School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China. [03] Rongyan Shen, School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China. [04] Jianguo Liu, School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.

In order to investigate the effects of soil water control on grain Cd accumulation and grain yield of rice, soil water management regimes of slight dryness at different stages of rice growth were designed, and two rice cultivars with different Cd accumulation properties were used in this study. The results indicate that the grain Cd concentrations were increased significantly (P < 0.05) by slight soil dryness at grain filling stage, compared to the control (well-watered soil), with the increasing rates of 12.82% - 118.18%. But the grain yields were influenced little. For the slight dryness at panicle formation stage, the grain Cd concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the decreasing rates of 27.27% - 53.85%, but the grain yields did not change significantly (P > 0.05). Under slight dryness during whole growth period of rice and at tillering stage, the grain Cd concentrations reduced significantly (P < 0.05) for the cultivar Yangdao 6, but changed little for Yu 44. And the grain yields of the two cultivars decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Therefore, with the combined consideration of grain Cd concentration (the principal control factor) and grain yield, the soil water management of slight dryness at panicle forming stage is the best choice for soil Cd-polluted areas.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Cadmium (Cd), Water Management, Grain, Yield

[01] Cheng, S. (2003). Heavy metal pollution in China: origin, pattern and control. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 10, 192–198. [02] Teng, Y. G., Ni, S. J., Wang, J. S., Zuo, R., Yang, J. (2010). A geochemical survey of trace elements in agricultural and non-agricultural topsoil in Dexing area. China. J. Geochem. Explor. 104, 118–127. [03] Chen, H. Y, Teng, Y. G., Lu S. J., Wang, Y. Y, Wang, J. S. (2015). Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Sci Total Environ. 512–513, 143–153. [04] Ross, S. M. (1978). Toxic metals in soil–plant system, New York: Wiley, pp. 12293–12301. [05] Kabata-Pendias, A. (2004). Soil-plant transfer of trace elements—an environmental issue. Geoderma, 122, 143–149. [06] Shah, K., Kumar, R. G., Verma, S., Dubey, R. S. (2001). Effect of cadmium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide anion generation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice seedlings. Plant Sci. 161, 1135–1144. [07] Zhuang, P., McBride, M. B., Xia, H. P., Li, N. Y., Li, Z. (2009). Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Sci. Total Environ. 407, 1551–1561. [08] Sanità di Toppi, L., Gabbrielli, R. (1999). Response to cadmium in higher plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 41, 105–130. [09] Chen, W., Chang, A. C., Wu, L. (2007). Assessing long term environmental risks of trace elements in phosphate fertilizers. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe. 67, 48–58. [10] De Nicola, F., Baldantoni, D., Sessa, L., Monaci, F., Bargagli, R., Alfani, A., (2015). Distribution of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in holm oak plant–soil system evaluated along urbanization gradients. Chemosphere 134, 91–97. [11] Wang, Q., Dong, Y., Cui, Y., Liu, X. (2001). Instances of soil and crop heavy metal contamination in China. J. Soil Contam. 10, 497–510. [12] Newbigging, A. M., Paliwoda, R. E., Le, X. C. (2015). Rice: Reducing arsenic content by controlling water irrigation. J. Environ. Sci. 30, 129–131. [13] Takamatsu, T., Aoki, H., Yoshida, T. (1982). Determination of arsenate, arsenite, monomethylearsonate and diemethylarsonate in soil polluted with arsenic. Soil Sci. 133, 239–246. [14] Chaney, R. L., Reeves, P. G., Ryan, J. A., Simmons, R. W., Welch, R. M., Angle, J. S. (2004). An improved understanding of soil Cd risk to humans and low cost methods to phytoextract Cd from contaminated soils to prevent soil Cd risks. BioMetals 17, 549–553. [15] Liu, J. G., Zhu, Q. S., Zhang, Z. J., Xu, J. K., Yang, J. C., Wong, M. H. (2005). Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet. J. Sci. Food Agric. 85, 147–153. [16] Liu, J. G., Qian, M., Cai, G. L., Yang, J. C., Zhu, Q. S. (2007). Uptake and translocation of Cd in different rice cultivars and the relation with Cd accumulation in rice grain. J. Hazard. Mater. 143, 443–447. [17] Kong, L., Ashraf. U., Cheng. Siren., Rao, G., Mo, Z., Tian, H., Pan, S., Tang, X. (2017). Short-term water management at early filling stage improves early-season rice performance under high temperature stress in South China. Eur. J. Agron. 90, 117–126. [18] He, H., Serraj, R. (2012). Involvement of peduncle elongation, anther dehiscence and spikelet sterility in upland rice response to reproductive-stage drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 75, 120–127. [19] Monkham, T., Jongdee, B., Pantuwan, G., Sanitchon, J., Mitchell, J. H., Fukai, S. (2015). Genotypic variation in grain yield and flowering pattern in terminal and intermittent drought screening methods in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Res. 17, 526–536. [20] Guimarães, C. M., Stone, L. F., Silva, A. C. D. L. (2016). Evapotranspiration and grain yield of upland rice as affected by water deficit. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient 20, 441–446. [21] Clark, M. W., McConchie, D., Lewis, D. W., Saenger, P. (1998). Redox stratification and heavy metal partitioning in Avicennia-dominated mangrove sediments: a geochemical model. Chem. Geol. 149, 147–171. [22] Punamiya, P., Datta, R., Sarkar, D., Barber, S., Patel, M., Das, P. (2010). Symbiotic role of glomus mosseae in phytoextraction of lead in vetiver grass [Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.)]. J. Hazard. Mater. 177, 465–474. [23] Ashraf, U., Kanu, A. S., Mo, Z. W., Hussain, S., Anjum, S. A., Khan, I., Abbas, R. N., Tang, X. (2015). Lead toxicity in rice; effects, mechanisms and mitigation strategies-a mini review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 18318–18332. [24] Li, H., Luo, N., Li, Y. W., Cai, Q. Y., Li, H. Y., Mo, C. H., Wong, M. H. (2017). Cadmium in rice: Transport mechanisms, influencing factors, and minimizing measures. Environ. Pollut. 224, 622–630. [25] Rahaman, S., Sinha, A. C., Mukhopadhyay, D. (2011). Effect of water regimes and organic matters on transport of arsenic in summer rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Environ. Sci. 23, 633–639. [26] Ashraf, U., Hussain, S., Akbar, N., Anjum, S. A., Hassan, W., Tang X. (2018). Water management regimes alter Pb uptake and translocation in fragrant rice. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe. 149, 128–134.