[01] Bahareh Parsa Motlagh, Agroecology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. [02] Alireza Koocheki, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. [03] Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. [04] Mehdi Ramezani, Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Department of Agronomy, Tehran, Iran.

This study provides a comprehensive literature-review-based overview of the current understanding of local food systems, including: alternative definitions; estimates of market size and reach; descriptions of the characteristics of local food consumers and producers; and an examination of early evidence on the economic and health impacts of such systems. Iran has a long history of traditional markets in the towns and villages in the north, Some of which came from foreign tourists in the north of Iran were subject to local markets. Considering that local markets have a long history in the Middle East, especially the Iranian cities and the economic transactions of an important cultural functions are also enjoys cultural transmission of rich and tangled that alone will cause cultural richness.

Economic and Health Impacts, Local Food

[01] Adam, K. L., 2006. Community Supported Agriculture, National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, National Center for Appropriate Technology, Butte, MT. [02] Afsar keshmiri, b., 2003. local rural markets in the north of iran, social science magazine, volume 2, issue 3, pages 179-192, Tehran university. [03] Ahmadi, Gh. R., Sharifi, M. A. and noruzi Sh. A., 2005. examination of local markets of villages of mazandaran province, village and progressperiodical, pages :105-125. [04] Allen, P., Fitz Simmons, M., Goodman, M., Warner, K., 2003. Shifting plates in the agrifood landscape: the tectonics of alternative agrifood initiatives in California. Journal of Rural Studies 19, 61e75. [05] Aubrun, A., Brown, A. and Grady. J., 2005. “Not While I’m Eating. ” In Perceptions of the U. S. Food System: What and How Americans Think about their Food. W. K. Kellogg Foundation. [06] Barabadi, Gh., 1995. examination of rural weekly markets of cities of mazandaran state, Bsc thesis in governmental management, gonbad, payam noor university. [07] Bawden and Richard., 1990. Towards action research systems. In O. Zuber-Skerrit, ed., Action research for change and development. Brisbane: Centre for Advancement in Learning and Teaching, Griffith University. (21-51). [08] Bedford, C., 2006. Meeting the Challenge of Local Food. In Business, January/February 2006. [09] Bowden, R., 2002. Food Supply: Our Impact on the Planet. Raintree Steck Vaughn Publishers, New York. [10] Blue, G., 2009. On the politics and possibilities of locavores: situating food sovereignty in the turn from government to governance. Politics and Culture 9, 68e79. [11] Cameron, A. and de Vries. H., 2006. “The Role of Farmers’ Markets in Stimulating Rural Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Feilding Farmers’ Market, New Zealand. International Council for Small Business 51st World Conference, June 2006. [12] Che, D., Veeck, A. and Veeck. G., 2005. “Sustaining Production and Strengthening the Agritourism Product: Linkages Among Michigan Agritourism Destinations. ”Agriculture and Human Values 22: 225-234. [13] DeLind, L. B., 2000. “Transforming Organic Agriculture into Industrial Organic Products: Reconsidering National Organic Standards. ” Human Organization 59(2): 198-208. [14] DeLind, L. B., 2002. “Place, Work and Civic Agriculture: Common Fields for Cultivation. ” Agriculture and Human Values 19: 217-224. [15] Dixon, J. and Banwell. C., 2004. “Re-embedding Trust: Unravelling the Construction of Modern Diets. ” Critical Public Health 14: 117-131. [16] Evans, N., Morris, C. and Winter. M., 2002. “Conceptualizing Agriculture: A Critique of Post-Productivism as the New Orthodoxy. ” Progress in Human Geography 26: 313-331 [17] Farnsworth, R. L., et al., 1996. “Community Supported Agriculture: Filling a Niche Market, ” Journal of Food Distribution Research, Vol. 27, pp. 90-98. [18] Fleming, D., 2006. The Lean Economy: a survivor’s guide to a future that works. Unpublished manuscript. Draft dated 27th July 2006. [19] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2004. The State of Food and Agriculture 2003-2004. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. [20] Futamura, T., 2007. “Made in Kentucky: The Meaning of ‘Local’ Food Products in Kentucky’s Farmers’ Markets, ” The Japanese Journal of American Studies, Vol. 18, pp. 209-227. [21] Gaytan, M., 2003. Globalizing the Local: Slow Food and the Collective Imaginary, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, GA, August 16, 2003. [22] Giovannucci, Daniele, Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O’Connor, May Yeung (2010 forthcoming) Geographical Indications: A guide to global best practices for developing renowned origins. United Nations International Trade Centre: Geneva. [23] Govindasamy, R., Zurbriggen, M., Italia, J., Adelaja A., Nitzsche, P. and Van Vranken. R., 1998. “Farmers Markets: Consumer Trends, Preferences and Characteristics. ” Rutgers University and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. [24] Gray, T., 2005. “Local-based alternative marketing strategy could help to save more small farms. ” Rural Cooperatives, United States Department of Agriculture. [25] Guptill, A., and J. L. Wilkins. 2002. “Buying into the Food System: Trends in Food Retailing in the U. S. and Implications for Local Foods, ” Agriculture and Human Values, Vol. 19, pp. 39-51. [26] Guthman, J., 1998. “Regulating Meaning, Appropriating Nature: The Codification of California Organic Agriculture. ” Antipode 30: 135-154. [27] Halweil, B., 2002. HomeGrown: The Case for Local Food in a Global Market. Worldwatch Paper #163. [28] Halweil, B. 2004. Eat Here: Reclaiming Home-Grown Pleasures in a Global Supermarket. New York: W. W. Norton. [29] Halweil, B., 2005. “Change on the Horizon: A Scan of the American Food System. ” W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Available on-line at: www. wkkf. org. [30] Halweil B., 2007. Still No Free Lunch: Nutrient levels in U. S. food supply eroded by pursuit of high yields. Critical Issues Report. The Organic Center. [31] Hassanein, N., 1999. Changing the Way America Farms: Knowledge and Community in the Sustainable Agriculture Movement. University of Nebraska Press. [32] Henderson, E., 2000. “Rebuilding Local Food Systems from the Grassroots Up. ” In F. Magdoff, J. B. Foster, and F. H. Buttel (Eds. ), Hungry for Profit, (pp. 175-188). New York: Monthly Review Press. [33] Hinrichs, C. and Kremer. K. S., 2002. “Social Inclusion in a Midwest Local Food System Project. ” Journal of Poverty 6: 65-90. [34] Hopkins, R., 2008. The Transition Handbook: from oil dependency to local resilience. Green Books, Dartington, Totnes. Diani, M. (1995) Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. [35] Hughes, D. W., et al. 2007. What is the Deal with Local Food Systems: Or, Local Food Systems from a Regional Perspective, Working Paper 11-2007- 01, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. [36] Ilbery, B. and Maye. D., 2006. “Retailing Local Food in the Scottish-English Borders: A Supply Chain Perspective, ” Geoforum, Vol. 37, pp. 352-367. [37] Khosravi, Kh., 2001. iran rural sociology, first print, Tehran university publication [38] Khoshfar, Gh. R., 1999. examination on weekly markets of golestan province, gorgan, construction crusade ministry, deputy of promotion and public contribution. [39] Kimbrell, A., 2002. Fatal Harvest: The tragedy of industrial agriculture. Foundation for Deep Ecology in association with Island Press, Washington. [40] Kirwan, J., 2004. “Alternative Strategies in the UK Agro-Food System: Interrogating the Alterity of Farmers’ Markets. ” Sociologia Ruralis 44: 395-415. [41] Kloppenburg, J. Jr., Hendrickson, J. and Stevenson. G. W., 1996. “Coming into the Foodshed. ” Agriculture and Human Values 13: 33-42. [42] Lamine, C., 2005. “Settling Shared Uncertainties: Local Partnerships Between Producers and Consumers. ” Sociologia Ruralis 45: 324-345. [43] Lawless, G., et al. 1999. The Farmer-Food Buyer Dialogue Project, UWCC Occasional Paper No. 13, University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Cooperatives, Madison, WI. Accessed April 2009 at: http://www. uwcc. wisc. edu/info/ffbuyer/toc. html. [44] Lloyd, R. M., Tilley, D. S. and Nelson. J. R., 1995. “Pick-Your-Own Markets: Should I Grow Fruits and Vegetables?” Direct Farm Marketing and Tourism Handbook. Eds. : Russell Tronstad and Julie Leones. Tuscon, AZ: Arizona Cooperative Extension. [45] Lyson, T. A. and Guptill. A., 2004. “Commodity Agriculture, Civic Agriculture, and the Future of U. S. Farming.” Rural Sociology 69: 370-385. [46] Lyson, T. A., 2004. Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and Community. Medford, MA: Tufts University Press. [47] Lobao, L. and Meyer. K., 2001. “The Great Agricultural Transition: Crisis, Change and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming. ” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 103-124. [48] Local Harvest. 2010. Community Supported Agriculture. Accessed February 2010 at: http://www. localharvest. org/csa. [49] Macensy. F., 1980. north itinerary, number 11. [50] Mark, J., 2007. Growing it alone: Urban agriculture on the island of Cuba. Earth Island Institute, Spring 2007. [51] Meharbi bashar abadi, H., 1999. examination on effect of agriculture technology development on employment and teaching of rural women in iran, agricultural economy and development periodical, issue 3, article collection of women assembly, contribution and agriculture 1400. [52] Moorhead, J., 2009. Todmorden's Good life: Introducing Britain's greenest town: Grow your own fever has gripped the Pennines community, which is aiming for selfsufficiency. The Independent, 29 November 2009. [53] Nord, M., Andrews, M., and Carlson. S., 2009. Household Food Security in the United States, 2008, USDA, Economic Research Service, ERR-83. [54] Norberg-Hodge, H., 2000. “ Is Organic Enough? Food Should also be Locally Grown. ” The Ecologist. Nutrition Business Journal. 2006. “NBJ’s Annual Industry Overview, 2006.” Volume 11, 6-7: 1-13. [55] Office of Technology Assessment, United States Congress. 1986. “Technology, Public Policy and the Changing Structure of American Agriculture. ” OTA-F-285, Washington, D. C. [56] Organic Trade Association. 2004. “Organic Food Facts.” Accessed: April 15, 2006. Available on-line at: http://www. ota. com/organic/mt/food. html. [57] Ostrom, M., 2006. “Everyday Meanings of “Local Food”: Views from Home and Field. Journal of the Community Development Society 37: 65-78. [58] Patel, R., 2007. Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System. Melville House Publishing, Brooklyn, New York. [59] Padel, S. and Foster. C., 2005. “Exploring the Gap Between Attitudes and Behavior: Understanding Why Consumers or Do Not Buy Organic Food.” British Food Journal 107: 606-625. [60] Pourmusa arabani, R., 1973. examination on rural markets of some’ sara, Bsc thesis in social science, university of Tehran, department of social science, Tehran, commercial studies and researches organization. [61] Smithers, J., Lamarche, J., Joseph, A. E., 2008. Unpacking the terms of engagement with local food at the farmers’ market: Insights from Ontario. Journal of Rural Studies 24, 337e350. [62] Ragland, E. and Tropp. D., 2009. USDA National Farmers’ Market Manager Survey 2006, USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service. [63] Raynolds, L. T., 2002. “Consumer/Producer Links in Fair Trade Coffee Networks. ”Sociologia Ruralis 42: 404-424. [64] Raynolds, L. T., 2004. “The Globalization of Organic Agro-Food Networks. ” World Development 32: 725-743. [65] Renard, M. C., 1999. “The Interstices of Globalization: The Example of Fair Coffee. ” Sociologia Ruralis 39: 484-500. [66] Resvani A. A., 2003. the relationship between city and village, makan press, Tehran. [67] Rootes, C., 2004. Environmental Movements. In: Snow, D. A., Soule, S. A., & Kriesi, H. (Eds.), [68] The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 608–40. [69] Starr, A., Card, A., Benepe, C., Auld, G., Lamm, D., Smith, K. and Wilken. K., 2003. “Sustaining Local Agriculture: Barriers and Opportunities to Direct Marketing Between Farms and Restaurants in Colorado.” Agriculture and Human Values 20: 301-321. [70] Tavajjoh, K. and nurizade dehkordi, Sh., 2001. Islamic countries markets, volume 1, first edition. [71] Tegtmeier, E. M. and M. Duffy. 2005. “Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) in the Midwest United States: A Regional Characterization. ” Iowa State University: Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture. [72] Welsh, R., 1996. “The Industrial Reorganization of U. S. Agriculture: An Overview and Background Report.” Greenbelt, MD: Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. [73] Wiese, W. H., 2004. ‘Against the grain: How agriculture has hijacked civilization’. Library Journal, 129 (2): 116-123. [74] Wilkins, J. L., 2005. “Eating Right Here: Moving from Consumer to Food Citizen.” Agriculture and Human Values 22: 269-273. [75] Woods, T., et al. 2009. Survey of Community Supported Agriculture Producers, Agricultural Economics Extension Series 2009-11, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. [76] Worldwatch Institute. 2002. Vital Signs 2002. The trends that are shaping our future. W. W. Norton & Co., New York. [77] Zia tavana, M. H., and amir entekhabi, Sh., 2007. the role of rural markets in the formation of aerospace organization and residential network of talesh, geography and local progress magazine, issue 8, spring85.