[01] Ratiarimananjatovo Narindra, Agricultural and Food Systems, Polytechnic High School of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. [02] Rafalimanantsoa Jules, Agricultural and Food Systems, Polytechnic High School of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. [03] Lalason Sariakaniaina Tanya, Agricultural Sciences, Engineering Sciences, Processing and Quality Control of Food Products, Anosivavaka Antsirabe, Madagascar. [04] Rakotondrazafy Jenny, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. [05] Randriamanantena Andriamaminirina Andrin’iranto, Agricultural and Food Systems, Polytechnic High School of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. [06] Randrantoarimbola Lazaniriana, Agricultural and Food Systems, Polytechnic High School of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. [07] Colette Masengo Ashande, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Gbado-Lite, Gbado-Lite, Democratic Republic of the Congo. [08] Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Gbado-Lite, Gbado-Lite, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. [09] Robijaona Baholy, Agricultural and Food Systems, Polytechnic High School of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.

In Madagascar, the household food insecurity is linked to poverty and bad life condition, which affects the entire population including pregnant women and several nutrients are absent from their daily ration and lead to malnutrition. The aim of this work was to develop a food complement for pregnant women with lower income in Madagascar. This research program was carried out in collaboration with the National Nutrition Office (ONN). A questionnaire survey was made with pregnant women from Antsirabe. Their diet was rich in glucids, and poor in protein and lipids. «Koba», a food complement based on white rice, bananas, enriched with peanuts, spinach and soya was developed to have sufficient and balanced diet. According to physico-chemical analysis complement brought 10 g of protein for 100 g of products, 8.5 g of lipids, 46.7 g of glucids, 16.3 mg of calcium, 37.6 mg of magnesium and 1.9 mg of iron. The product will contribute to the improvement of nutrition status of these pregnant women by increasing supply in protein, lipids and some minerals, as well as growing energetic supply. Tests of anti-nutritional factors showed that product did not contain any anti-nutritional elements. Microbiological analysis indicated that this food complement is in a better quality. In terms of sensory factors, enriched «koba» was more appreciated than classical «koba ». As recommendations, women should consume the product during pregnancy.

Antsirabe, Diet, «koba», Malnutrition, Pregnancy

[01] Reynaldo M. (2016). Improved nutrition in the first 1000 days and adult human capital and health. Am J Hum Biol., 29 (2), 1-12. 10.1002/ajhb.22952. [02] Randrantoarimbola L., Rafalimanantsoa J., Ratiarimananjatovo N., Randriamanantena A. A., Rakotondrazafy J. I. N., Ngbolua K. N., Robijaona B. (2018). Valorization of local products to fight against chronic malnutrition in Malagasy rural households using Food supplements bio-fortified by the leaves powder of Moringa oleifera Lam. J. of Adv. Med. & Life Sci., 6 (4), 1-4. [03] Ravaoarisoa L., Rakotonirina J., Andriamiandrisoa D., Humblet P., Rakotomanga J. D. D. M. (2018). Eating habits of mothers during pregnancy and lactation, Amoron'i Mania region Madagascar: qualitative study. Pan African Medical Journal, 29 (1), 1-8. [04] Balogun O. O., da Silva L. K., Ota E., et al. (2016). Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD004073. [05] Kuo A. H., Li C., Huber H. F., Clarke G. D., Nathanielsz P. W. (2018). Intrauterine growth restriction results in persistent vascular mismatch in adulthood. J Physiol, 596, 5777-5790. [06] Nnam N. M. (2015). Improving maternal nutrition for better pregnancy outcomes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74 (04), 454–459. [07] Langley-Evans S. (2015). Fetal nutrition and disease in later life. In Nutrition, health and disease, S. Langley-Evans (Ed.). [08] Carolan-Olah M., Duarte-Gardea M., Lechuga J. (2015). A critical review: early life nutrition and prenatal programming for adult disease. J Clin Nurs, 24, 3716-3729. [09] Victora C. G., de Onis M., Hallal P. C., et al. (2010). Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions. Pediatrics, 125, e473–e480. [10] AlbertssonW. K., Karlberg J. (2003). Natural growth in children born SGA with and without catch up growth. Horm. Res, 59, 129. [11] Waber D. P., Bryce C. P., Girard J. M., et al. (2014). Impaired IQ and academic skills in adults who experienced moderate to severe infantile malnutrition: a 40 yearstudy. Nutr. Neurosci, 17, 58–64. [12] Les Nouvelles. (2019). Malnutrition: Madagascar, 4è pays le plus touché. Retrieved from https://www.newsmada.com/2019/03/27/malnutrition-madagascar-4e-pays-le-plus-touche. [13] Grieger J. A., Grzeskowiak L. E., Clifton V. L. (2014). Preconception Dietary Patterns in Human Pregnancies Are Associated with Preterm. The Journal of Nutrition, 8, 1075–1080. [14] Noronha J. A., Al K. E., Seshan V., Ramasubramaniam S., Raman S. (2012). Anemia in Pregnancy, Consequences and Challenges: A Review of Literature. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 4 (1), 64–70. [15] Hambidge K. M., Krebs N. F. (2018). Strategies for optimizing maternal nutrition to promote infant development. Reprod Health, 15, 87. [16] Maqbool, M., Dar, M. A., Gani, I., Mir, S. A., Khan M,, B. A. (2019). Maternal health and nutrition in pregnancy: an insight, 8, 450-459. [17] The news. (2019). Malnutrition: Madagascar, 4th most affected country. Retrieved from https://www.newsmada.com/2019/03/27/malnutrition-madagascar-4e-pays-le-plus-touche [18] INSTAT. (2019). Third general census of population and housing. Retrieved from https://www.instat.mg/wp-content/uploads/Rapport-Prelim-2019_ver_final.pdf [19] FAO - Republic of Madagascar. (2005). Nutritional profile of Madagascar: Food and Nutrition Division. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-ap840f.pdf [20] Salghi R. (2008). Physico-chemical analysis of foodstuffs in 1st year. Retrieved from http://dhaouadiramzi.e-monsite.com/medias/files/analysephysico-chimie.pdf [21] Gbolo B. Z., Asamboa L. S., Bongo G. N., Tshibangu D. S. T., Kasali F. M., Memvanga P. B., Ngbolua K. N., Mpiana P. T. (2017). Bioactivity and Chemical Analysis of Drepanoalpha: An Anti-Sickle Cell Anemia Poly-Herbal Formula from Congo-Kinshasa. American J. Phytomedicine & Clinical Therapeutics 5: 1. [22] Rakotondrapiera M. V. (2017). Functional properties of starch and antioxidant capacity of the seeds of five (5) species of legumes from southern Madagascar (Master in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo). Retrieved from http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rakotondrapieraMamitianaV_SN_MAST_17.pdf [23] Rakotoary N. (2018). Development, formulation and characterization of a biofortified food: compound flour used for Koba ravina from TalataVolonondry and for multiple uses for households (Master in Agricultural and Food Industries, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo). Retrieved from http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rakotoarynorotiana_AGRO_MASTER.pdf [24] Randriarilala M. F. (2019). Nutritional enrichment of cassava roots: use of Moringa oleifera leaves and sesame seeds (Master in Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo). Retrieved from http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/randriarilalaMahavanontsoaF_SN_MAST_19.pdf [25] AFNOR NF V 01-003 (2010). Lignes directrices pour la réalisation de tests de vieillissement microbiologiques - Denrées périssables ou très périssables, réfrigérées. AFNOR NF V01-003. [26] Shalini S. A., Akshata R. S., Chauhan S. (2016); Peanuts as functional food: a review J Food Sci Technol, 53 (1), 31–41. [27] Greenberg J. A., Bell J. S., Guan Y., Yu Y. (2011). Folic Acid Supplementation and Pregnancy: More Than Just Neural Tube Defect Prevention. Rev Obstet Gynecol, 4 (2), 52–59. [28] NYS P. (2016). Vitamin D: the top 10 foods to avoid deficiencies. Retrieved from https://www.femmeactuelle.fr/sante/alimentation-equilibree/vitamine-d-top-10-aliments-eviter-les-carences-29513 [29] Khazai N., Judd S. E., Tangpricha V. (2008). Calcium and Vitamin D: Skeletal and Extraskeletal Health Curr Rheumatol Rep, 10 (2), 110–117. [30] Anderson J. W., Baird P., Davis J. R. H., et al. (2009). Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutrition Reviews, 67 (4), 188–205. [31] Kim Y., Je Y. (2014). Dietary fiber intake and total mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180 (6), 565–573. [32] Koletzko B., Bhatia J., Bhutta Z. A., et al. (2015). Pediatric Nutrition in Practice. World Rev Nutr Diet. Basel, Kargel, 113, 127–133. [33] Hyde N. K., Brennan O. S. L., Bennett K., Moloney D. J., Pasco J. A. (2016) Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy: Intake of Nutrients Important for Bone Health. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21 (4), 845-851. [34] Bergel E., Gibbons L., Rasines M. G., Luetich A., Belizán J. M. (2010). Maternal calcium supplementation during pregnancy and dental caries of children at 12 years of age: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica, Early Online, 1396–1402. [35] Kassebaum N. J., Bertozzi V. A., Coggeshall M. S., et al. (2014). Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet (London, England), 384 (9947), 980–1004. [36] Say L., Chou D., Gemmill A., et al. (2014). Global causes of maternal death: A WHO systematic analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 2 (6), e323–e333. [37] Black R. E., Singhal A., Uauy R. (2014). Maternal Nutrition Interventions to Improve Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Outcomes. (eds): International Nutrition: Achieving Millennium Goals and Beyond. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser, 78, 71–80. [38] Goonewardene M., Shehata M., Hamad A. (2012) Anaemia in pregnancy. Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 26 (1), 3-24. [39] Milman N. (2011). Iron in Pregnancy –How Do We Secure an Appropriate Iron Status in the Mother and Child? Ann Nutr Metab, 59, 50–54. [40] Levy A., Fraser D., Katz M., Mazor M., Sheiner E. (2005) Maternal anemia during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for low birthweight and preterm delivery. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 122 (2), 182–186. [41] Tareke E., Rydberg P., Karlsson P., Eriksson S., Törnqvist M. (2002). Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 4998–5006.