[01] Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Department of Mathematics, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

During the first industrial revolution (IR1) human and animal labor technology converted into machinery, such as the steam engine, the spinning jenny, puddling and rolling processes for making iron, coke smelting, etc. During the second industrial revolution (IR2) electricity, internal combustion engine, indoor plumbing, chemical industries, etc. technologies are developed. The third industrial revolution (IR3) began in the 1950s that is considered as the move from mechanical and analogue electronic technology to digital electronics. Nano, bio, and IT technologies, 3D printing, artificial intelligence, robotics, etc. are the most important driver of the IR3. During the IR1&2s only Western Europe and the USA were developed but during the IR3 the world becomes about 10 times wealthier, and development spreads almost every part of the world. In the IR3 there have been developed thousands of businesses organizations and millions of jobs globally. Major modern inventions are happened in the IR3. Economic development, development of transportation, development of 3D printing, robotics technologies, fab lab, etc. are extraordinary activities during the IR3. In the IR3 standard of living and life expectancy of every nation has increased than that of the IR1&2s. The IR3 has also some negative impacts, such as air pollution, biodiversity reduction, water pollution, habitat destruction, greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and climate change, etc. This study has tried to discuss various aspects of IR3 in some details.

Digital Revolution, 3D Printing, Economic Development, Industrial Revolution, Renewable Energy, Robotics

[01] Abramovictch, D., & Franklin, G. (2002). A Brief History of Disk Drive Control. IEEE control systems, 22 (3), 28-42. [02] Akella, P., Peshkin, M., Colgate, E., & Wannasuphoprasit, W. et al. (1999). Cobots for the Automobile Assembly Line. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation Detroit, pp. 728-733, Michigan. [03] Alpert, D., & Avnon, D. (1993). Architecture of the Pentium Microprocessor. IEEE Micro, 13 (3), 11-21. [04] Allen, R. C. (2009). The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective: New Approaches to Economic and Social History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. [05] Anderson, C. (2012). Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group. [06] Anderson, G. D. (2010). The First Weather Satellite Picture. Weather, 65 (4), 87. [07] Anger, H. O. (1964). Scintillation Camera with Multichannel Collimators. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 5 (6), 515-531. [08] Ashley, K. L. (2002). American Electronics with LabVIEW. Prentice Hall Professional. [09] Ashton, T. S. (1948). The Industrial Revolution (1760-1830). Oxford University Press, London and New York. [10] ASTM F2792-12a (2012). Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. [11] Ayton, M. (2005). A Racial Crime: James Earl Ray and the Murder of Martin Luther King Jr. Archebooks Publishing. [12] Ballato, J., & Dragic, P. (2016). Glass: The Carrier of Light: A Brief History of Optical Fiber. International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 7 (4), 1-10. [13] Belew, L. F. (Ed.) (1977). Skylab, Our First Space Station. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office. OCLC 2644423. SP-400. [14] Bellis, M. (2017). History of the Modem. ThoughtCo.com. [15] Bethe, H. A. (1950). The Hydrogen Bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 6 (4), 99-104. [16] Blitz, D. (2000). Russell, Einstein and the Philosophy of Non-Absolute Pacifism. Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies, 20 (1), 101-128. [17] Blume, S., & Geesink, I. (2000). A Brief History of Polio Vaccines. Science, 288 (5471), 1593-1594. [18] Bojanova, I. (2014). The Digital Revolution: What’s on the Horizon? IT Professional, 16 (1), 8-12. [19] Bolt, J., Inklaar, R., de Jong, H., & van Zanden, J. (2018). Rebasing ‘Maddison’: New Income Comparisons and the Shape of Long-Run Economic Development. Maddison Project Working Paper No. 10. [20] Brady, M. (1985). Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. Artificial Intelligence, 26 (1), 79-121. [21] Braun, E., & MacDonald, S. (1982). Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics (2^nd Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [22] Bromberg, J. L. (1988). The Birth of the Laser. Physics Today, 41 (10), 26-33. [23] Brown, L. (2005). The Teleprompter Manual. Publisher: The Difference. [24] Brown, L., & Powell, M. (2015). Louise Brown: My Life as the World’s First Test-Tube Baby. Wraxall: Bristol Books CIC. [25] Campbell, T., Williams, C., Ivanova, O., & Garrett, B. (2011). Could 3D Printing Change the World? Technologies, Potential and Implications of Additive Manufacturing. Strategic Foresight Report, Atlantic Council, Washington, DC. [26] Chapin, D. M., Fuller, C. S., & Pearson, G. L. (1954). A New Silicon p-n Junction Photocell for Converting Solar Radiation into Electrical Power. Journal of Applied Physics, 25 (5), 676-677. [27] Chowdhury, M. R. (2011). The Population Challenge Facing Bangladesh. Public Journal of Social Sciences, 11 (1), 1-6. [28] Cipolla, C. M. (1994). Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700. Third Edition, New York: W.W. Norton. [29] Cohen, J. E. (1995). How Many People Can the Earth Support? New York: W. W. Norton. [30] Connors, J., Gwartney, J. D., & Montesinos, H. M. (2020). The Transportation-Communication Revolution: 50 Years of Dramatic Change in Economic Development. Cato Journal, 40 (1), 153-198. [31] Dudgeon, D., & Arthington, A. H. et al. (2005). Freshwater Biodiversity: Importance, Threats, Status and Conservation Challenges. Biological Reviews, 81 (2), 163-182. [32] Eaton, J. (2016). Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective. Diplomatic History, 40 (5), 845-864. [33] Fielder, G., Wilson, L., & Guest, J. E. (1966). The Moon from Luna 9. Nature, 209, 851-853. [34] Fiedler, J. (2004). Hamming Codes. Iowa State University Math Newsletter, 54, 1-8. [35] FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, & WHO (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming Food Systems for Food Security, Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All. Rome, FAO. [36] Garrett, R. S. (2016). Statehood Process and Political Status of US Territories: Brief Policy Background. Congressional Research Service (CRS). [37] Gershenfeld, N. (2005). Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop. New York: Basic Books. [38] Gibbs, R. M., & Howell, H. H. (1959). Noise Characteristics for the Boeing 707. Noise Control, 5 (1), 13-17. [39] Gonzalez, G. A. (2020). The JFK Assassination and the Progressive Dialectic. In George A. Gonzalez (Ed.), Popular Culture, Conspiracy Theory, and Star Trek Text. Publisher: Lexington Books. [40] Gordon, R. J. (2000). Does the “New Economy” Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (2), 49-74. [41] Gordon, R. J. (2012). Is US Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds. Policy Insight No. 63. London: The Centre for Economic Policy Research. [42] Grau, A., Indri, M., Bello, L. L., & Sauter, T. (2017). Industrial Robotics in Factory Automation: From the Early Stage to the Internet of Things. The 43^rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. [43] Gyure, B., & Janosi, I. M. (2009). Basics of Lava-lamp Convection. Physical Review, E 80 (4 Pt 2), 046307. [44] Hall, M. (2018). Microsoft Corporation, Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. [45] Harland, D. M. (2007). The First Men on the Moon: The Story of Apollo 11. Springer Science & Business Media. [46] Hatzinger, M., Stastny, M., Grutzmacher, P., & Sohn, M. (2016). The History of Kidney Transplantation. Urologue A, 55 (10), 1353-1359. [47] Hecht, J. (2010). Short History of Laser Development. Applied Optics, 49 (25), F99-F122. [48] Hiilamo, H., Crosbie, E., & Glantz, S. A. (2014). The Evolution of Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs: The Role of Precedents, and Tobacco Industry Strategies to Block Diffusion. Tobacco Control, 23 (1), e2. [49] Hill, J. D. (1982). The Development of the First Successful Heart-Lung Machine. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 34 (3), 337-341. [50] Holbrook, D. (2006). The Man behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley (Review). Technology and Culture, 47 (3), 678-680. [51] Holzmann, P., Breitenecker, R. A., Soomro, A. A., & Erich, J. S. (2017). User Entrepreneur Business Models in 3D Printing. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 28 (1), 75-94. [52] Hougan, J. (1984). Watergate, Deep Throat and the CIA. New York: Random House. [53] Ilardi, G. J. (2009). The 9/11 Attacks: A Study of Al Qaeda’s Use of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32 (3), 171-187. [54] Immink, K. S. (1998). Compact Disc Story. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 46 (5), 458-460. [55] Ingells, D. J. (1970). 747: Story of the Boeing Super Jet. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers. [56] Ishack, S., & Lipner, S. R. (2020). Applications of 3D Printing Technology to Address COVID-19-related Supply Shortages. American Journal of Medicine, 133 (7), 771-773. [57] Inoué, S. (1986). Video Microscopy. Springer Science and Business Media, New York. [58] Kaivo-Oja, J., Roth, S., & Westerlund, L. (2017). Futures of Robotics. Human Work in Digital Transformation. International Journal of Technology Management, 73 (4), 176-205. [59] Kamalakar, S., & Bovine, J. T. (2015). Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease). The Journal of Clinical and Scientific Research, 4 (1), 93-95. [60] Kanovsky, E. (1992). The Economic Consequences of the Persian Gulf War: Accelerating OPEC’s Demise. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington DC. [61] Kaplan, D. L., & Casey, M. C. (1958). Occupational Trends in the United States, 1900 to 1950. Bureau of the Census Working Paper No. 5. Washington, DC: G.P.O. [62] Katuk, N., Zakaria, N. H., & Mahamud, K. R. K. (2019). Mobile Phone Sensing using the Built-in Camera. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 13 (2), 102-114. [63] Keisner, C. A., Raffo, J., & Wunsch-Vincent, S. (2015). Breakthrough Technologies–Robotics, Innovation and Intellectual Property. Economics Research Paper No. 30, Economics and Statistics Division, World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva. [64] Kemeny, J. G., & Kurtz, T. E. (1964). BASIC: A Manual for BASIC, the Elementary Algebraic Language Designed for Use with the Dartmouth Time Sharing System (1^st Ed.). Hanover, N. H.: Dartmouth College Computation Center. [65] Krull, A. R. (1956). A History of Artificial Satellite. Jet Propulsion, 26 (5), 369-383. [66] Langlois, R. N. (2002). Computers and Semiconductors. In B. Steil, D. G. Victor & R. R. Nelson (Eds.), Technological Innovation and Economic Performance, pp. 265-284, Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ. [67] Levy, R. J. (2011). The Michael Jackson Autopsy: Insights Provided by a Forensic Anesthesiologist. Journal of Forensic Research, 2 (8), 1000138. [68] Linzmayer, O. W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World’s Most Colorful Company. No Starch Press. [69] Lipson, H., & Kurman, M. (2013). Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing. Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons. [70] Litván, G. (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression. London: Longman. [71] Lynn, L. H. (1998). The Commercialization of the Transistor Radio in Japan. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 45 (3), 220-229. [72] Madakam, S., Holmukhe, R. M., & Jaiswal, D. K. (2019). The Future Digital Work Force: Robotic Process Automation (RPA). Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 16, e201916001. [73] Mamilla, V. R., Srinivasulu, M., & Prasad, M. N. (2016). Study on Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machines. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 1 (1), 21-25. [74] Manning, T. (2020). The Assassination of Indira Gandhi. Bachelor Thesis, Georgian Court University. [75] Marron, D. (2009). Consumer Credit in the United States: A Sociological Perspective from the 19^th Century to the Present. Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan. [76] Mazumder, S. (2018). The Persistent Effect of US Civil Rights Protests on Political Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 62 (4), 922-935. [77] Mickalowski, K., Mickelson, M, & Keltgen, J. (2008). Apple’s iPhone Launch: A Case Study in Effective Marketing. The Business Review, 9 (2), 283-288. [78] Mitchell, W. J. (1977). Computer-Aided Architectural Design. Petrocelli/Charter, New York. [79] Mohajan, H. K. (2011). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Increase Global Warming. International Journal of Economic and Political Integration, 1 (2), 21-34. [80] Mohajan, H. K. (2018). Aspects of Mathematical Economics, Social Choice and Game Theory. PhD Dissertation, Jamal Nazrul Islam Research Centre for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (JNIRCMPS), University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. [81] Mohajan, H. K. (2019). The First Industrial Revolution: Creation of a New Global Human Era. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5 (4), 377-387. [82] Mohajan, H. K. (2020). The Second Industrial Revolution has Brought Modern Social and Economic Developments. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6 (1), 1-14. [83] Mohajan, H. K. (2021). Food and Nutrition Security in Africa (Unpublished Manuscript). [84] Moise, E. E. (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. University of North Carolina Press. [85] Mollenhoff, K., Oros-Peusquens, A.-M., & Shah, N. J. (2012). Introduction to the Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In Gründer G. (Ed.), Molecular Imaging in the Clinical Neurosciences. Neuromethods, vol 71. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. [86] Morrison, J. (2013). Nelson Mandela, South Africa’s First Black President, Dies at Age 95. The Washington Times. [87] Murashov, V., Hearl, F., & Howard, J. (2016). Working Safely with Robot Workers: Recommendations for the New Workplace. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 13 (3), D61–D71. [88] Napach, B. (2013). Facebook Surges and Mark Zuckerberg Pockets $3.8 billion. Yahoo! Finance. [89] Nelson, M., & Levy, S. (2011). The History of the Tetracyclines. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1241 (1), 17-32. [90] Osborn, L. S. (2014). Regulating Three-Dimensional Printing: The Converging Worlds of Bits and Atoms. San Diego Law Review, 51, 553-561. [91] Pandey, S. P., Singh, A., Singh, V., & Tiwari, P. (2017). Analysis of Black Box of International Airlines and its Future Scope. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 7 (5), 214-218. [92] PwC (2016). 3D Printing Comes of Age in US Industrial Manufacturing. https://tinyurl.com/zbcg42c [93] Rahu, M. (2003). Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident: Fears, Rumours and the Truth. European Journal of Cancer, 39 (3), 295-299. [94] Randers, J. (2012). 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. [95] Rantanen, A. (2016). Southdale Shopping Center: Modernin Kauppakeskuksen Syntymästä 60 Vuotta. Yhdyskuntasuunnittelu-lehti, 54 (4). [96] Reamer, A. (2014). The Impacts of Technological Invention on Economic Growth: A Review of the Literature. The George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Washington, DC. [97] Rifkin, J., Carvalho, M., Consoli, A., & Bonifacio, M. (2008). Leading the Way to the Third Industrial Revolution. European Energy Review, 2 (1), 4-18. [98] Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. [99] Rijk, G., & Gulpers, M. (2010). The Third Industrial Revolution. Multi-committed Company (MCC): The Archetype to Capture Consumer Loyalty. Food, Beverages & HPC: A Thematic Insight, Western Europe, ING. [100] Roberts, B. H. (2015). The Third Industrial Revolution: Implications for Planning Cities and Regions. Urban Frontiers Working Paper 1. Canberra Urban and Regional Futures (CURF), University of Canberra, Australia. [101] Sadat, S. S., & Ghaysarian, H. (2019). Analysis of the End of the Iran-Iraq War. Ganjine- Ye Asnad, 29 (3), 68-98. [102] Saha, S. K. (2011). Introduction to Robotics (2nd Ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. [103] Salus, P. H. (1995). Casting the Net: from ARPANET to Internet and Beyond. Publisher: ‎Addison-Wesley Professional. [104] Sambana, B. (2016). Web Search Engine. International Journal & Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research, 3 (3), 774-784. [105] Sandler, S. (1999). The Korean War: No Victors, No Vanquished. University Press of Kentucky. [106] Sargent, J. F., & Schwartz, R. X. (2019). 3D Printing: Overview, Impacts, and the Federal Role. Congressional Research Service (CRS), The USA. [107] Sarotte, M. E. (2014). The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall. Basic Books. [108] Satheesan, A. A., Sugathan, A., & Patil, I. V. (2020). Overcoming Challenges of Space Walk: Reducing the Risk for an Astronaut. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 7 (5), 158-162. [109] Schultz, M. (1985). Steering: A Century of Progress. Popular Mechanics, 162 (5), 59. [110] Schweitzer, G. (2003). Robotics–Chances and Challenges of a Key Science. The 17^th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering (COBEM 2003), São Paulo, Brasil, November 10-14, 2003. [111] Seideman, T. (1992). Barcodes Sweep the World. In C. J. Amato (Ed.), Inside Out: Wonders of Modern Technology. New York: Smithmark. [112] Shahrubudin, N., Lee, T. C., & Ramlan, R. (2019). An Overview on 3D Printing Technology: Technological, Materials, and Applications. Procedia Manufacturing, 35, 1286-1296. [113] Shell, O., & Delury, J. (2013). Wealth and Power: China’s Long March to the Twenty-first Century. Publisher: Random House. [114] Sherman, J. (2003). The History of the Personal Computer. Publisher: Franklin Watts. [115] Sherr, L. (2014). Sally Ride: America’s First Woman in Space. Simon & Schuster. [116] Shorrocks, A., Davies, J., & Lluberas, R. (2020). Global Wealth Report 2020. Credit Suisse Research Institute. [117] Simmons, M. (1995). The Credit Card Catastrophe: The 20^th Century Phenomenon that Changed the World. Barricade Books. [118] Sniderman, B., Baum, P., & Rajan, V. (2016). 3D Opportunity for Life: Additive Manufacturing Takes Humanitarian Action. Delight Insight, 1 (19), 25-41. [119] Snijders, C., & Zijdeman, R. (2004). Reputation and Internet Auctions: eBay and Beyond. Analyse & Kritik, 26, 158-184. [120] Sohrabi, M. C., & Dashtaki, N. A. (2019). Ask Search Engine: Features and Performance Identification. Webology, 16 (1), 77-85. [121] Stansbury, J. W., & Idacavage, M. J. (2016). 3D Printing with Polymers: Challenges among Expanding Options and Opportunities. Dental Materials, 32 (1), 54-64. [122] Streich, B., & Weisgerber, W. (1996). Computergestützter Architekturmodellbau: CAAD-Grundlagen, Verfahren, Beispiele. Birkhäuser, Basel. [123] Swade, D. D. (1993). Redeeming Charles Babbage’s Mechanical Computer. Scientific American, 268 (2), 86-91. [124] Swift, J. (2007). The Cuban Missile Crisis. History Review, (57), 6. http://www.historytoday.com/john-swift/cuban-missile-crisis [125] Taalbi, J. (2019). Origins and Pathways of Innovation in the Third Industrial Revolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28 (5), 1125-1148. [126] Taylor, F. (2006). The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961-9 November 1989. Bloomsbury. [127] Tofail, S. A. M., Koumoulos, E. P., Bandyopadhyay, A., Bose, S., O’Donoghue, L., & Charitidis, C. (2017). Additive Manufacturing: Scientific and Technological Challenges, Market Uptake and Opportunities. Materials Today, 21 (1), 22-37. [128] Troxler, P. (2011). Libraries of the Peer Production Era. In van Abel, Bas; Evers, Lucas; Klaassen, Roel; Troxler, Peter (Eds.). Open Design Now. Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. BIS Publishers. [129] Troxler, P. (2013). Making the 3^rd Industrial Revolution. In J. Walter-Herrmann & C. Büching (Eds.), Fab Labs: Of Machines, Makers and Inventors, Transcript Publishers, Bielefeld. [130] Urban, F. (2007). Designing the Past in East Berlin before and after the German Reunification. Progress in Planning, 68 (1), 1-55. [131] US Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2019). US Air Carrier Traffic. www.transtats.bts.gov/TRAFFIC [132] Villarreal, M. A., & Fergusson, I. F. (2017). The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Congressional Research Service. [133] Waghorn, T. (2011). Jeremy Rifkin’s Third Industrial Revolution. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/terrywaghorn/2011/12/12/jeremy-rifkinsthird-industrial-revolu [134] Walter-Herrmann, J., & Bueching, C. (Eds.) (2013). FabLab-Of Machines, Makers and Inventors. Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript. [135] Watson, J. D. (1968). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. New York: Atheneum. Chicago/Turabian. [136] Wattenhofer, M., Wattenhofer, R., & Zhu, Z. (2012). The YouTube Social Network. Proceedings of the Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 354-361. [137] WB (2019). World Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC. http://databank.worldbank.org/wdi [138] WB (2021). Global Economic Prospects, June 2021. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC. [139] Weiss, R. A., Dalgleish, A. G., Loveday, C., & Pillay, D. (2004). Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. In Zuckerman, A. J., Banatvala, J. E., Pattison, J. R., Griffiths, P. D., & Schoub, B. D. (Eds.). Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology (5^th Ed.), Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [140] Welsh, R., & Lamphier, P. (2019). Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ABC-CLIO LLC. [141] White, R., & Averner, M. (2001). Humans in Space. Nature, 409 (6823), 1115-1118. [142] World Economic Forum, WEF (2018). Digital Transformation Initiative: Maximizing the Return on Digital Investment. http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/files/2018/05/201805-DTI-Maximizing-the-Return-on-Digital-Investments.pdf [143] Worldometer (2021). Population of the World. The American Library Association. [144] Zafar, T., Naik, Q A B, & Shrivastava, V. K. (2017). Aspartame: Effects and Awareness. MOJ Toxicol, 3 (2), 00046. [145] Zajączkowska, M. (2018). The Energy Union and European Union Energy Security. Ekonomia i Prawo. Ecomomics and Law, 17 (3), 319-328. [146] Zappile, T. (2014). Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In Gregory Moore (Ed.), Encyclopedia of US Intelligence, Publisher: Taylor and Francis. [147] Zoll, P. M., & Ijinenthal, A. J. (1963). External and Internal Electric Cardiac Pacemakers. Clinical Progress, 28, 455-466.