Articles Information
American Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, Vol.1, No.5, Oct. 2015, Pub. Date: Jun. 13, 2015
Tourism Planning and Development for Sustainability in Kenya’s Western Tourism Circuit
Pages: 336-345 Views: 7648 Downloads: 6965
Authors
[01]
John Paul Onyango, Hospitality and Tourism Department, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, Kisumu City, Kenya.
[02]
Margaret Kaseje, Dean Faculty Arts and Science, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, Kisumu City, Kenya.
Abstract
The secret to success in both the expansion of international hotel chains and the initial positive results from eco-hospitality by the end of the 1980s was due to the application of the fundamental principles of tourism planning and development which stresses on involvement of key stakeholders in the planning process. Hotel administrations that are concerned with ecology must plan and take action towards preserving the environment by collaborating with communities and key stakeholders. These include the entire hotel operations and related establishments, along with employees at all levels, investors, architects, engineers, ecologists, and others who are interested in preserving nature. Governments and organizations engaged in tourism need to work together to guarantee that tourism is planned, developed and regulated in order to control its impact on nature and to maintain natural resources. This paper explores the main components of tourism planning and development processes, starting from the nature of planning, the various planning approaches and the ways that these broad approaches are implemented, and ends with a review of the outputs and outcomes in Kenya’s Tourism in the Western Circuit. Emerging from gaps identified in the study, a tourism planning and development model is proposed that planners and investors can use for evaluating whether or not the objectives of tourism and its sustainability have been achieved.
Keywords
Tourism Planning, Stakeholder Involvement, Eco-Hospitality, Sustainability
References
[01]
Aldehayyat, J. (2011). Organizational characteristics and the practice of strategic planning in Jordanian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 30 No. 1, 192-199. ISSN (Paper) 0278-4319
[02]
Andriotis K (2007). A framework for the Tourism Planning Process. Kanishka publishers, New Delhi.
[03]
Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate Strategy: An Analytical Approach to Business Growth & Expansion. New York McGraw–Hill.
[04]
Atach-Rosch, I. (1984) Public Planning for Tourism: A General Method for Establishing Economic, Environmental, Social and Administrative Criteria. PhD thesis. Washington, University of Washington.
[05]
Baud-Bovy, M. (1982) New concepts in planning for tourism and recreation. Tourism Management. 3(4), pp.308-313.
[06]
Baud-Bovy, M. and Lawson, F. (1977) Tourism and Recreation: A Handbook of Physical Planning. Boston: CBI.
[07]
Blanke, J., and Chiesa T. (ed.) (2013) The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013: Reducing barriers to economic growth and job creation. World Economic Forum (WEF), Geneva. Available at < http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf>
[08]
Bramwell, B. and Sharman, A. (1999) Collaboration in local tourism policymaking. Annals of Tourism Research. 26(2), pp.392-415
[09]
Butcher, J. (2008). The Myth of Agency through Community Participation in Ecotourism. In P. Burns & M. Novelli (Eds.), Tourism Development: Growth, Myths and Inequalities (pp. 11-27). Wallingford: CABI.
[10]
de Boer, W. (1993) Introduction to the round table on planning sustainable tourism development. In: WTO (ed) Round Table on Planning Sustainable Tourism Development. 10th General Assembly, Bali 30 September - 9 October. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation, pp.1-12.
[11]
Elbanna, S. (2010). Strategic planning in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Commerce and social sciences.
[12]
Getz D. (1986), Models in Tourism planning: Towards Integration of Theory and Practice
[13]
Ghobadian, A., O’Regan, N., Thomas, H., & Liu, J. (2008). Formal strategic planning, operating environment,
[14]
Green, H. and C. Hunter. (1993) “The Environmental Impact Assessment of Tourism Development.” London. Mansell Publishing limited.
[15]
Gunn (1979). Tourism planning. Crane Russak & Company, Inc., 3 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. 1979. 371p
[16]
Hall, C.M. (2000) Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships. Essex: Prentice Hall.
[17]
Hawkins, R. (1992) The Planning and Management of Tourism in Europe: Case Studies of Planning, Management and Control in the Coastal Zone. PhD Thesis. Bournemouth: Bournemouth University.
[18]
Haywood, K.M. (1988) Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism Management. 9(2), pp.105-116
[19]
Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism planning: An integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. New York.Van Nostrand Reinhold.
[20]
Jenkins, J. (1993) Tourism policy in rural New South Wales Policy and research priorities. Geojournal. 29(3), pp.281-290
[21]
Jithendram, K., & Baum, T. (2000). Human Resource Development and Sustainability: The Case of India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(6), 403-436.
[22]
Murphy, P.E and Andresser, (1998). Tourism planning and development on Vancouver Island: An assessment of the core periphery model: Professional geographer, 40 (1): 32-42
[23]
Nworgu, B.G. (1991). Education research: Basic issues and methodology. Ibadan: Wisdom
[24]
Pearce, D.G. (1995) Planning for tourism in the 1990s: An integrated, dynamic, multiscale approach. In: Butler, R.W. and Pearce, D.G. (eds) Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes. London: Routledge, pp.229-244.
[25]
Reddy, M. V., and Wilkes, K. (ed.) (2014) Tourism in the Green Economy. Routledge (forthcoming)
[26]
Sharpley, R. (2002). Tourism: A Vehicle for Development? In R. Sharpley & D. J. Telfer (Eds.), Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues (pp. 11-34). Buffalo: Channel View Publications.
[27]
Simpson, M. C. (2009). An Integrated Approach to Assess the Impacts of Tourism on Community Development and Sustainable Livelihoods. Community Development Journal, 44(2), 186-208.
[28]
Spanoudis, C. (1982) Trends in tourism planning and Development; Tourism management, 3(4): 314-318
[29]
Timothy, D.J. (1998) Co-operative tourism planning in a developing destination. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 6(1), pp.52-68.
[30]
Timothy, D.J. (1999) Participatory planning. A view of tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research. 26(2), pp.371-391.
[31]
UNWTO. (2013). Sustainable Tourism for Development. Available at http://icr.unwto.org/content/guidebook-sustainable-tourism-development
[32]
UNWTO. (World Tourism Organization). 2012. Tourism Highlights, 2012Edition. Available at http://www.unwto.org/pub/index.htm.
[33]
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed. New York: Harper and Row.